The Management Model Of Barclays Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2410 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Management may be defined as the act of managing something; he was given overall management of the program; is the direction of the economy a function of government? those in charge of running a business (wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn) In the nineteenth century, Robert Owen and Charles Babbage seriously took a decision to deal with the search for the development of management theory. Owen was a business man and social reformer while Babbage was a well known and a famous mathematician with a strong desire and interest in business management. (Owen,1831) Owen strongly believes that character is an after effect of the situations and that surroundings and education at the right time is important in forming a good character. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Management Model Of Barclays Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order While being surrounded with controversies all his lifetime, Owen is recognized with being the predecessor of the modern human relations school of management. (Babbage, 1870 He was well acknowledged for performing the fundamental research for the first practical mechanical calculator as well as doing basic research and development on an analytical engine .He is even recognised as the forerunner of todays modern computer. His interest in management came out largely from his concerns with work specialization or the degree to which work is divided into its parts. This is now recognized as being the top in the list of contemporary operations research. Babbages other major contribution in the field of management came from the development of a modern profit-sharing plan which includes an employee bonus for better performances and even a share of the companys profits. According to the classical school of thought the definition goes a little extra . They have not only developed a compre hensive theory of management ,but also developed the potential which a manager needs in order to deal with the organizational challenges. Management is a vast subject and should be discussed from different angles. The concept of CVF cannot be ruled out as it plays a very fundamental role in how organisations function and prove themselves in the business arena. According to (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983, p.363) Effectiveness is the main idea of the organizational literature whereas its definition is controversial but not always. The CVF has certain principles . The first principle focuses on the organisational benefits from an internal point of view ie, about the welfare of the employees in an organisation to the external point of view on the well-being and the profiting of the organisation itself. The second principle focuses on the issues related to organizational structure, with a greater emphasis on stability and flexibility. Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983, p.370) qu oted that these two sets of competing values are renowned dilemmas in the organizational literature. For instance, Denison and Mishras (1995, p.209) case study showed that activities involving employees can drop into narrow-mindedness and have a negative impact on performance which may in an unsatisfactorily output, for the organization may exaggerate the internal integration and neglect to adapt to the external environment. Similarly, the different views of different persons, directs in considering order and control versus innovation and change are the of the most heated debates in sociology, political science, and psychology. All this results in to effective management which is all related to the CVF. Barclays an overview Barclays plc is a British financial services firm operating throughout the world. It is a holding company that is listed on the London and New York stock exchanges, and was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange until 2008. It is also a part of the FTSE 100 Index. This bank originated in the year 1690 when John Freame and Thomas Gould started their business as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street, London. The name Barclays became related with the business in 1736, when James Barclay, son-in-law of John Freame, one of the founders, became a part in their business. [6] In 1728, the bank shifted to 54 Lombard Street, which was identified by the Sign of the Black Spread Eagle, over the years it became a core part of the banks identity. Then in 1924 the planned invasion of National Bank of Kingston was almost complete but was halted three days before finalisation. Recent Developments In March 2009 it was reported that in 2008, Barclays received billions of dollars from its insurance activities with AIG, including $8.5bn from funds provided by the United States taxpayers to bail out AIG. On 12 June 2009, Barclays sold its Global Investors unit, which comprises its exchange traded fund business, iShares, to Black Rock for $13.5bn. Standard Life sold Standard Life Bank plc to Barclays plc in October 2009. The sale completed on 1 January 2010On 11 November 2009, Barclays and First Data which is a global technology provider of information commerce, have signed an agreement according to which Barclays will move a range of card portfolios to First Datas issuing and consumer finance platform. On February 13, 2010 Barclays announced it would pay more than  £2 billion in bonuses https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays SWOT analysis Barclays Strengths Barclays has its global presence spread through out the world, allowing it to spread risk and enjoy economies of scale. The Barclays is a well-established brand in times gone by and promotes continually through out the year , as in the sponsorship of Premier League football. Barclays is particularly linked with innovating new things. It was the first to bring the credit card in 1966, and has continued to expand their horizon in developing cards, recently with the One Pulse card combing Oyster, cashless and credit functions for London-based customers. The opening of several new branches along with a restoration programme with an attempt to progress in satisfying customer demands for a high reputation in the market. Weaknesses The Services provided in Zimbabwe to individuals who are associated with Zanu PF have resulted in many unwanted controversies and raised questions about Barclays ethical position: investors are highly concerned about ethics. Large bonuses and incentives for Directors have attracted useless attention from observers, and it has been guessed that the banks unwillingness to take financial support from the UK government is because that would end the banks self government ability in terms of their business. Plans to expand in Asia were restricted when Barclays were out of the competition with ABN Amro in 2006, and substitute expansion plans have had to be implemented. The bank does not pay any dividends on its shares until the second half of 2009, making the investors to step back in this regard. Opportunities Barclays was very much interested to get hold of some of Lehmans assets before its collapse: but to their advantage, after the collapse they have been able to bargain a better deal which also allowed them to be very choosy in parts of the business where they acquired. The banks approach is to offer a full group or a set of services through out the world, providing an extensive variety of trading or cross-selling opportunities. Asia is still considered a chance for Barclays expansion, and process of setting up have been started in a number of countries. Welfare measures to the investors has been decreased in many countries because of the taxes and the other costs payable to governments, and Barclays finds self-provision as a growing trend that it can make use of. The court recently found that Barclays banking charges, which had been challenged legally, were enforceable, thus repayment is not necessary and charges can continue to be enforced. Threats If the economic downturn is lasting for a longer period of time, acquisition of Lehmans assets could prove to be a fault Barclays has been charged of moving loss-making investments into those of other investors, and there is a risk it may result into legal action. While offering a wide range of services providing many opportunities for the investors, there is also a threat that customers may go directly to the suppliers, who present a more focused approach. Barclays was popularised for closing branches due to a high occurrence of this in 2000, and the other competitors have been able to take this as an advantage to point themselves as more consumer-friendly through a plan of keeping branches open. The Barclays expansion in Asia is found to be as risky given that they dont stand in competition with banking industry leaders regarding capitalisation, and this may detract investors. https://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analysis-database/barclays-ban k-swot-analysis/ Porters Five force analysis of Barclays Entry Barriers (High) The rising markets such as India and Africa are highly regulated and controlled by the government and also by the central banks. A lot depends on the higher authorities and the central banks of these countries who makes decisions such as regularization of interests on loans and deposits as well as money supply . There are many entry barriers to be faced when any foreign bank enters into India. The people of these countries look for safety of their investments and prefer to deposit in the government or public sector banks and this may prove to be a drawback. The restriction on the number of branches would also add to the disadvantages as people in the rural areas would not be able to access the banks. When it comes to product differentiation Barclays business strategy works for urban and niche or corporate customers Rivalry among the Existing Competitors (High) When it comes to competition in emerging markets which includes a whole lot of public as well as private banks along with NBFCs and microfinance institutions in rural areas, it is really hard to survive. Progressing from such markets is even more difficult when compared to entry due to high regulations and the time it takes to run the business. However it was a good strategy used by Barclays in Africa. Obtaining major stakes in Absa gives them easy entry in an untouched market and also a good brand name. Bargaining power (Medium) The suppliers of a bank are the people who invest and from whom the banks raise funds. In most of the markets Barclays is a non listed company and so the major source of funds are its customers (depositors), who are the Barclays suppliers in this case. The customers or the depositors have a high bargaining power in the market as they are the source of funds for any bank. Any bank which gives a higher rate of interest would attract a larger number of depositors towards it which would result in the huge funds for the bank. This is the reason why private banks offer higher rate of interest as compared to other government banks especially for the long term depositors. Threat of New Entry (High) Financial system in banking sector would be fluctuating the markets which are still not settled and expanding their reach to a large number of customers which would mean higher net profit margins through volumes. Barclay has been trying to implement this strategy by continuously finding new markets and entering them. Their rush into emerging market in Western Europe, Africa (through Absa) and India shows their constant attempt to enter into new markets and acquire a brand name for the organisation. However they need to overcome the high competition from financial companies as well as microfinance institutions who provide easy financial solutions to the poor and also for the small business. As new competitors are entering the market everyday, Barclays face a high completion from them. Threat from Substitutes (High) There are many organisations in the retail finance industry that give financial support such as moneylenders, NBFCs, microfinance and also the insurance companies. Banks offer a group of services other than taking deposits and lending money, but when it comes to insurance, mutual funds or fixed income securities, even these are the non-banking financial services company which offer the same services as in a bank. Management Model Diversity and Inclusion Barclays Human Resources recognises the importance of attracting, retaining, and developing a variety of world-class professionals who can place the organisation on the top . We identify, advancement and reward all talent, valuing and try to build the power of diversity amongst our people to offer our clients inspired and modern solutions. Working to implant diversity in all areas, It strive to: Build a workforce that directly reflects the needs of the communities and so we are best able to understand our clients needs and act accordingly to satisfy the needs of the customers. The organisation makes sure that the hidden talents of each employee are taken out and fully utilised, and that all the employees and clients are treated equally not taking into consideration his personal feelings, race, religion or belief, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, nationality. The organisation strives to maintain a work favourable environment that instils a sense of dignity an d respect, where all employees feel free to fully contribute to the growth and success of the firm without experiencing nuisance or bias from any level of the organisation. improve our ability to attract and retain clients and employees by maintaining good relations and enhancing our reputation for fairness, transparency, integrity and consistent delivery of best-in-class solutions and services to our customers. Diversity is very important for a business; by inhibiting diversity into all aspects of our work we maximise the opportunity to collaborate with other firms which helps in achieving nonstop business growth and success. Impact and Recommendations Such an approach will have a long lasting result on the future development of Barclays. This is because by encouraging diversity, Barclays will be able to cash on its loads of experiences in handling diverse culture and therefore it easily helps them in entering other countries to expand its business operations without any hindrances. It will also be an opportunity to get a closer and a clearer view of how different cultures conduct business operations and examine their terms and conditions. According to Robert E Diamond , President of Barclays PLC and CEO of Corporate and Investment Banking, and Wealth Management ; If we are really aspiring to be a truly international firm, with a diversified base of clients, then we need to plan organize ourselves to look a lot like the people we are serving and plan strategies that fit the budget of the customers. The only technique by which we can compete with the other firms in the market and keep hold of the best talent in the industry, ar ound the world, is to have a culture at the work place that can attract and retain people from all kinds of locale. Our focus on diversity is important not only because its one of the strategies to develop, but because its good business.

Symbols and Conflict in A Dolls House Essay example

Symbols and Conflict in A Doll’s House Symbolism is used commonly in literature to reveal a deeper meaning through something indirectly. As defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, symbolism is â€Å" the art or practice of using symbols especially by investing things with a symbolic meaning or by expressing the invisible or intangible by means of visible or sensuous representations† (Symbolism.). From colors and emotions, such as red and romance, to animals, like doves and peace, symbols better a readers understanding of the text and make for an overall better story. Symbolism gives writer freedom to add double levels of meanings to his work: a literal one that is self-evident and the symbolic one whose meaning is far more profound than†¦show more content†¦This is the first conflict the reader notices while reading and as little as it seems, there is much more at hand than what is presented in this situation. Dancing through history has been meant to bring out major emotions in the dancers and their audience, many of the dances producing happy and motivation emotions in the individuals involved. The Tarantella is a dance that originated in Italy. The dance was named after the tarantula spider, whose venomous bite was said to cause tarantism, wild and uncontrollable dancing. Many said that the cure was for the victim to dance until exhausted. Often danced by a married couple to show togetherness. As the Tarantella is meant to be a passionate dance for a couple, it is very significant how it is used between Nora and Torvald in the play. â€Å"Torvald: you must go and rehearse the tarantella and practice on the tambourine. I’ll go into the office and shut the door, and I will hear nothing. You can make as much noise as you like† (Ibsen 65). As stated earlier, this dance is one that is meant to be danced and conducted by two and its to show togetherness. In this part, Torvald sh uts himself away from Nora, leaving her to practice this very passionate dance by herself. Not only is this conflicting for them at that moment, but this shows a major problem in their marriage.Show MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1489 Words   |  6 Pageswith many other types of literature, drama relies on several separate components all working together to tell a story. These components serve to draw an audience in, create a believable situation, and illicit a particular response. The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen provides an excellent example for analysis, with each component strongly supported. Often the first, and most obvious, component that can be observed when reading drama is the point of view that it is written from. PointRead MoreUse of Symbols in Ibsens Play, A Dolls House Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols are used universally to arouse interest and to stimulate the mind. 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In addition, in Ibsen’s plays, the general topics that are usually discussed are hypocrisy of the society, restriction of women, and the self-sacrifice. Under the influence of Industrial Revolution, the conflict between classes and the struggle among workers were becoming more and more intense, especially amongRead MoreA Doll’s House play by Henrik Ibsen shares many comparisons and contrasts with the short story â€Å"The1300 Words   |  6 PagesA Doll’s House play by Henrik Ibsen shares many comparisons and contrasts with the short story â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin. In fact, Ibsen’s play premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark on December 21, 1879. This play aroused significant changes in the attitudes towards 19th century marriages (princeton.edu). Interestingly, â€Å"The Storm† stands as the sequel to Chopin’s other short story â€Å"At the Cadian Ball†. Kimbel wrote in his article on Dictionary of Literary Biography, â€Å"Her first twoRead More Symbolism in A Doll’s House Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s Hous e† is a controversial play focusing on the marriage of Nora and Torvald Helmer. The play is filled with symbols that represent abstract ideas and concepts. These symbols effectively illustrate the inner conflicts that are going on between the characters. Henrik Ibsen’s use of symbolism such as the Christmas tree, the locked mailbox, the Tarantella, Dr. Rank’s calling cards, and the letters allows him to give a powerful portrayal to symbolize aspects of characters andRead MoreThe Paradox of Confinement and Freedom in a Dolls House and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel.1620 Words   |  7 PagesIn the texts, A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel, Nora Helmer and Tita (Josefita) are subject to the paradox of confinement and freedom. Tita is restricted to the ranch and kitchen, and Nora to the house. Concurrently, in the seclusion of the kitchen, Tita is liberated from Mama Elenas control, has freedom of self-express ion through cooking, and can openly express her feelings. Josefita is a skilled cook with mystical abilities, and also has some freedomRead MoreTheatrical Realism : Realism And Realism1228 Words   |  5 Pagesdirection is natural, not heightened or poetic REALISM IN A DOLL’S HOUSE Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), a norwegian writer, is considered to be the father of modern realistic drama His plays attacked society’s values and dealt with unconventional subjects within the form of the well-made play (causally related) Ibsen’s letters reveal that much of what is contained in his realist dramas is based on events from his own life. A Doll’s House was the second in a series of realist plays by Ibsen after TheRead More Failure of a Marriage Depicted in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesA House in Ruins In Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House, the subject most important to the story is marriage. Until death do us part well, not always. Everywhere one looks, divorce is plaguing society. The treasured marriage vows have become nothing but a promise made to be broken. A Dolls House is a prime example of a relationship that didnt work. To keep a marriage alive and well it must hold onto certain qualities: love, communication, trust and loyalty. With these qualities, any marriage

Interracial Marriages Essay Example For Students

Interracial Marriages Essay Interracial Relations and MarriagesOutlineThesis statement,: The United States has witnessed a considerable social andcultural desegregation of Black and Caucasian Americans. However, despite yearsof desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show thesedifferences still exist in the institution of marriage. 1.Americans have beenand are continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.Since the 1960sBlacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B. Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1.Studentscat together. 2.Students study together, C.Black and Caucasianissues have converged. 11,notwithstanding these examples of desegregation,there are still signs, most clearly is apparent in the institution of marriagebetween Black and Caucasians. Ill. One of the major barrier.-, of interracial marriages lies in the familyof the couples. A.Louis, a Caucasian women, and Chuck, a Black man, weremarried in 1960. 1 .They have no prejudice about each other. emailprotected have mixed group of friends. 3,They had problems with family. a)Louis mother had asked her whyshe could not marry her own kind. b)This conflict finally caused the tiesbetween mother and daughter to break. B.Mama, a Caucasian Jewish, married a Black. I. None of her family members attended her wedding except her mother. 2.Her father told her that he could not believe that she married a Black. Nevertheless, she survived her family disapproval. IV.An unlikely source of problems for interracial married couples comesfrom religion. A.The majority of interracial married couples involved inChristian churches before marriage discontinue church membership and attendanceafter marriage. B.Couples search for churches that are like home. C. They are met with resistance from religious people who have been reported tohave said that if their children married a Black person, they would kill them. D. Every couple has their own crisis, but for some, the church officialswho are against divorce will turn around and recommend a separation. becausethe couple are a Black and a Caucasian. V.These churches need to face agrowing phenomenon. 1.In the Old Testament, God strongly opposesintermarriage. a)Ezra and Nehemiah challenge the people to repent overintermarriage. They describe it as Israels most sinful offense. 2.A closerlook at the passage reveals something else. a)Opposition to intermarriagearises when people of God marry those who worship a God other then Yahweh-B. The church must repent not only from bad theology but also for failing toprotest racist laws in the past. VI. The law is equally to blame for thesegregation, by causing tensions. A.Edgar and Jean and had twice stopped bythe police because they were walking hand in hand, but more so, because theywere Black and Caucasian. B.Law that supports the one drop theory. vii. The problems of interracial married couples also extends to their children. A. The Bronzes had sent their daughter to a pajama party at a Black families place. When they picked their daughter up the host family was surprised to see that herfather was Caucasian. B.Older children of interracial married parentsalso face problems. 1.They have to decided which parents culture to adopt. 2.They have to decided if they are Black or Caucasian. With all these problems, what brings these Black and Caucasian people together?A.Opportunity that an educated partner provides. B.How the partnerperceives the beauty of the other. C.The ability to communicate. D.The main reason, love. ix.It can be seen quite clearly that there are still attitudes that supportsegregation. A.It could possibly be true that the only way to makechanges involving segregation, is through marriage. Interracial Relations: MarriagesThe United States has witnessed a considerable amount of social and culturaldesegregation of Blacks and Caucasians. However, despite years of desegregation,social and cultural differences still exists. These differences still exist inthe institution of marriage. Americans have been and are continually movingslowly away from segregation. In the past forty years a multitude of changeshave transformed schools, jobs, voting booths, neighborhoods, hotels,restaurants and even the wedding altar, facilitating tolerance for racialdiversity ( Norman 108 ). Since the 1960s, when housing discrimination wasoutlawed, many Blacks moved into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. The steadilygrowing areas in the west and south-west are least segregated, because theseareas never had the entrenched Black and Caucasian sections of town ( Up Forseparatist 30 ). Even more visible signs of desegregation can be seen in theareas of education. A study done by the University of Michig an shows thatintegration on campuses occur on a regular basis. The racial line are crossedroutinely; about 50% of Blacks and 15% of Caucasians reportedly study together. Computer Network Security Alternatives EssayHalle Beny stated that it is important that multicultural individuals make achoice about race early in the life because even if they identify themselves asinterracial they will still be discriminated against as a person of color inthis country ( Norman 108 ). Knowing all these barriers and problems, whatbrings Black and Caucasian people together? According to a study done byMatthijis emailprotected, a factor that is consistently associated with intermarriage issocial class or status. Black outmarriage becomes gradually more common whenmoving up the occupational scale and more common among higher educated Blacks. Among Caucasians the pattern is reversed. It is believed that Caucasians aremore likely to many a Black spouse when it allows them to many a partner of highsocioeconomic prestige ( 119 ). The appreciation of a partners beauty and thecommon; the ability to communicate, and the main reason for marriage, love iswhat bring them together (Randolph 154 It can be seen conclusively, that parents,religion and the attitudes of people, in general, are the main causes to thefriction in interracial relationships and marriages. It is difficult, if notimpossible, to change the attitude of parents, the older generation, toinfluence the churches to accepting the patterns of new thought and identity. The older generation will not change because their ideas and thoughts have beeningrained in them. The current generation, who are also guilty of causingfriction, and the next generation must be educated to understand and acceptthese patterns of new thought, interracial marriages. Until these attitudes,that support segregation, are suppressed and eventually the only way to makechanges involving segregationChildren of interracial married couples learn tolerance within the family, whichallows these children to ad their experiences to others, in one way or another. Works CitedAunapu, Greg., et al., eds. Intermarried With Children. Time. Fall1993:64-68. Gilbereath, Edward. How Our Children Surprise Us. ChristianityT emailprotected . 7 Mar. 1994:32-34. Herring. Roger D. Development Biracial Ethnic Identity: A ReviewOf The Increasing Dilemma. Journal Of Muliticul tral C)unseline Development,23.1 (Jan. 1995): 29-39. Kalniijin, Matthijis. Trends in Black/WhiteIntermarriage. Social Forces. Sep. 1993:119-147. emailprotected, Barbara. Colorblind Love. Newsweek. 7 Mar 1988:40-42. Nfira, Harold. Love In Black And White. Christianitv Tod4y. 7Mar. 1994:18-20. Norman, Lynn. Am I Black, White Or In Between. Ebony. Aug. 1995:108-110. Perkins, Mtaii. Guess Who Is Confing To Church. ChristianityT emailprotected . 7 Mar. 1994:30-32. Randolph, Laura B. Black Women/White Man: Whats Going On? EboLny. Mar. 1989:154-158. Up for Separatism. Economist. 21 Oct. 1995: 30. Words/ Pages : 2,293 / 24

The Melting Pot Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Melting Pot Analysis Essay The Melting Pot. In our society today America consists of a lot of different people. All of these people are of different cultures, race, and religions. Even though they have many differences they all live and work together. Bringing together these people from diverse nationalities and making them conform to an idea or a group of ideas and still remaining an individual is my understanding of what a melting pot is. This takes place all over the United States. Based on my high school and different family observations I feel that America is a melting pot. We will write a custom essay on The Melting Pot Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I feel that my hometown, which is Powder Springs Georgia, is a good example of what I consider the melting pot to be. I attended a very culturally diverse high school. Many different people of many different cultures and beliefs attended this school. There were whites at the school that separated themselves because they did not like blacks. They even had there own bench and tree. In another section of the school the Trench Coat Mafia would gather together. Hispanics also had a place to communicate amongst themselves. That then left the black and the whites. Most blacks and whites hung out together, but we had different parts of the campus where we would stay. We all were from different nationalities and had different beliefs but we all attended the same school. Even though we all were separated at school, the event that brought everybody together took place on Friday nights. Everybody from the school would come out together and watch these football games. No matter how everybody sepa rated at school, everybody came together to cheer for their high school. Having all these beliefs and being the individuals that the people were, everybody still worked together. My football team consisted of players from all these different groups. While at school people had all of these different beliefs, but when it was time to practice or play a game, everybody set their differences aside. It did not matter what each individual believed in, everybody came together and we played as a team. We lived together, worked together, and played together and with all the differences we had we were still like a family. So actually we melted together. Another example of the melting pot took place in a couple of my classes. There was this boy who was associated with the Trench Coat Mafia. We had projects and group assignments, and he was my partner on many different occasions. Even though we had different beliefs and cultures, we put our differences aside to work together. There was never any animosity among us. We had an assignment and we knew we had to work together to get it done. After we communicated and worked together on this project peacefully, things went back to the way there were. He very seldom talked and never really had anything to say to me outside of the class. This is a good example of the melting pot because we came together regardless of our background and worked together while remaining individuals. This is how my hometown is. Of course since our school was culturally diverse so were our neighborhoods. So while living in this neighborhood I observed families and they act under the definition of a melting pot also. My neighborhood consisted of many families with different cultures and beliefs. Our street consisted of a lot of people with different nationalities. At the end of the street there lived a family that was of Mexican decent. Inside their house they only spoke Spanish. Even though they are not living in Mexico, they still spoke their language. At the same time while outside or talking to any neighbors they would speak in English. This is an example of a family that is maintaining its cultural identity, but are living together with the majority of the people, who are from an English background. My street also consisted of a family that was Jewish. This family had different practices and different beliefs about many things. All throughout the year they would put up different flags and celebrate their own cultural belief and holidays. But at the same time they were nice people and always helped out in the neighborhood to make it better. Every time you walked by the house they would gladly greet you. So they set aside their differences to interact in the community. Their neighbors next to them were from Africa. They also put up different flags and celebrated different holidays and there was never any conflict between the two families. They have learned to accept that everybody is not going to believe in the same thing and that it does not make you any less of a person if you have a different belief. .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 , .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .postImageUrl , .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 , .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:hover , .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:visited , .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:active { border:0!important; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:active , .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608 .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac39da103d83a7c21e7b61668b59c608:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive EssayNext door to me lived another family that had a different belief. They did not like blacks. I have lived there for about six years and the family has never spoken to my family. They tend to stare and give mean looks but they never speak. I guess this is something they believe in. Even though my neighborhood consists of all these different people with these different understanding and beliefs it is still a good neighborhood. I feel safe living there even though everybody is different. Its just an example that people with different backgrounds, race, cultures, and religion can live in the same community and work together while still maintaining their individu alism. This new immigration wave will have an effect on the school and neighborhood in my hometown. I feel like the effect will not be a negative one. It is a positive effect because everyone is accepted and looked at as individuals. With this new immigration wave there will probably be more Spanish people living in the town. Gradually as time pass the majority of the school and town will be minorities. As it has been for a number of years in my school and neighborhood this will be accepted and everyone will still work together while maintaining their individualism. In conclusion, I believe that America is a melting pot. Over the years things have gradually changed and now many different cultures are living together. Whether it is in the school system or in the neighborhood, everybody has come together in our society and found a way to live and work with each other. Every now and then there is a dispute between neighbors or students at my school about an issue, but it is calmly resolved. We as individuals have learned that our neighbors are not going anywhere. They have the right to be there just like the next person. So over the years people have learned to accept this and go on. A community would not be safe if a melting pot did not occur. So therefore many different types of people must be willing to work and live together. These are examples of how America hasEnglish Essays

Media Studies Coursework

Media Studies Coursework Media Studies Coursework Media Studies Coursework Writing Strategies By definition, media studies is a discipline which deals with three aspects of different media, including content, history and effects. If you are writing a media studies coursework, it means that you have to explore one of those aspects in relation to the specific medium, for example, the internet or the newspaper. The subjects in media study vary in their theoretical and practical focuses, but most media studies coursework projects can be divided into three categories: Criticism of the styles and forms Investigation of the production process Sociological analysis of the media As these three elements suggestion, media studies integrate different sciences and humanities, with many disciplines overlapping. Nevertheless, while writing media studies coursework you should be careful not to confuse the assignment with sociology, cultural studies, philosophy, communication studies, or any other related and yet different discipline. Media Studies Coursework: Things to Consider Media studies coursework writing should include the following: Critical and yet creative analysis and research into existing or new forms of media (for example, the internet vs. print media). It is highly recommended to emphasize the emerging digital media and its role in todays world of media communications For example, you may explore how the emergence of digital media has changed the world we live in You may also discuss the role of media in history of humankind and the overall social progress Your media studies coursework may be purely theoretical in nature: You may explore the impact on media on contemporary life or image a situation when there are no media at all You may offer your individual perception of the specific media or look at how different people use media You may write an effective media studies coursework on the ethics and effects of media on society, public opinion Also, your media studies coursework may be devoted to examination of the relations between the law and media Custom Media Studies Coursework Writing If you have no time to devote to writing media studies coursework, if you want to get an original and relevant coursework written from scratch, if you want to cooperate with professional coursework writers online, you have a unique opportunity to try our legitimate, customized, and absolutely confidential writing services. We will write your coursework from scratch, provide free cover page and outline, ensure proper referencing, and provide free revisions upon your request. We deliver written coursework projects on time and we do not plagiarize. Related posts: Help Assignment Favorite Season Essays Essay Help Essay Assignment Descriptive Essays

15 Flexible Careers That Pay Well

15 Flexible Careers That Pay Well Have the kind of complicated life that would really benefit (or even require) the ability to telecommute? More and more job seekers are looking for this kind of flexibility. And more and more fields are building that kind of work into their job descriptions. It cuts back on office time-frittering, makes for loyal and grateful employees, and cuts commute time considerably! Here are 15 of the best, highest-paying, and most flexible jobs out there, with the average annual salary of each- based on compensation, bonuses, perks, and profit-sharing, tips, and average commissions. Most of these salaries are reflective of a few years’ experience, so you might have to consider starting at a slightly lower rate if you’re just entering the profession.1. Clinical Research AssociateIf you can work your way up to a senior level, you could make nearly $95k per year. About 78% of workers telecommute.2. Sales EngineerSenior sales engineers make roughly $108k per year, with 64% telecommut ing.3. Service Delivery ManagerThis gig offers an average salary of $83k, with 64% telecommuting.4. Security ConsultantWhen you reach a senior level, you can earn  about $100k per year. About  64% of workers telecommute.5. Solutions ArchitectAbout 64% of solutions architects telecommute and earn up to $114k in annual compensation.6. Territory ManagerAbout 62% telecommute, earning and almost $66k per year.7. Professional Service ConsultantSenior-level service consultants earn nearly $96k per year, with  61% telecommuting.8. Software ConsultantSoftware consultants earn about $79k per year, with 58% telecommuting.9. Implementation ConsultantImplementation consultants can earn around $74k per year, with 58% telecommuting.10. Regional Sales ManagerAbout 56% of regional sales managers telecommute, earning an average salary of  $81k per year.11. Technical Sales EngineerAbout 56% telecommute, and earn  about $79k per year.12. Marketing ConsultantAbout 52% telecommute, and earn abo ut $67k per year.13. Instructional Designer (Training and Development)Median pay for a senior-level designer is $71k per year, with 52% telecommuting.14. SAP ConsultantSenior-level consultants can earn almost $99k a year, with 51% telecommuting.15. IT Program ManagerSenior-level IT managers can earn a whopping $126k per year, with 51% telecommuting.

See the attachment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

See the attachment - Research Paper Example According to Apple, the stringent measures have been introduced to shore up security. Online insecurity has been on the rise. Many unsuspecting persons have been swindled of thousands of dollars. Therefore, the decision by Apple to improve users’ security details is a step in the right direction. However, this move may not be as effective as hyped. Hackers are intelligent people who cannot be stopped by ordinary security questions. In fact, by issuing users with backup email addresses to use in case their primary addresses are compromised, they have indicated that a security breach is still possible. Apple faces a formidable legal challenge from Australia over the branding of its new 4G iPad. The iPad is not compatible with Australia’s 4G networks, and its launch in the market has been met with criticism and objections from the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. According to the Commission, Apple should not use the term 4G, as the iPad does not support available 4G network. Apple labeled its tablets as "iPad Wi-Fi + 4G." This was a sales strategy, as 4G is the latest broadband with the highest speed known today. The commission’s contention is that many consumers are misled to purchase the gadgets with high expectations, yet their performance capabilities are not achievable given local network capabilities. In summary, the consumers purchase the â€Å"4Gs,† but end up with 3G performance. A series of negotiations between Apple and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has led to drastic measures such, advertisements warning consumers of the incompatibility and refunds to persons who had purchased the products. However, there is still contention regarding the use of the term 4G. Apple’s products contravene consumer rights. It is true that there is no malice in Apple’s 4G advertisement. However, consumers deserve and have a right to satisfactory quality. Additionally, any product sold to consumers must fit their

Modern pricing models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Modern pricing models - Essay Example This work involved calculating a derivative to measure how the discount rate of a warrant varies with time and stock price. The result of this calculation held a striking resemblance to a well-known heat transfer equation. Soon after this discovery, Myron Scholes joined Black and the result of their work is a startlingly accurate option pricing model. The Black–Scholes model was first published in their 1973 paper, "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities", published in the Journal of Political Economy (Black & Scholes, 1973). Robert Merton was the first to publish a paper expanding the mathematical understanding of the options pricing model, and coined the term "Black–Scholes options pricing model" (Merton, 1973). Merton and Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Prise in Economics for their work. Black was mentioned as a contributor by the Swedish Academy though ineligible for the prize because of his death in 1995. Black and Scholes cant take all credit for their work, in fact their model is actually an improved version of a previous model developed by A. James Boness in his Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Chicago (). Black and Scholes improvements on the Boness model come in the form of a proof that the risk-free interest rate is the correct discount factor, and with the absence of assumptions regarding investors risk preferences. The Black–Scholes model assumes that the market consists of at least one risky asset, usually called the stock, and one riskless asset, usually called the money market, cash, or bond. The key idea is to hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and, as a consequence, to eliminate risk. (random walk) The instantaneous log returns of the stock price is an infinitesimal random walk with drift; more precisely, it is a geometric Brown motion, and we will assume its drift and volatility

Expert system in motorcycle engine troubleshooting Essay Example for Free

Expert system in motorcycle engine troubleshooting Essay People in different cities and provinces in the country, two-wheeled motor transport became useful for people going to work and in the business. People choose motorcycle than the four-wheeled transport for the following reasons: price, fuel efficient and easy maintenance service. It is fuel efficient for the reason that it consumes less fuel than a four-wheel vehicle. The price of motorcycle is cheaper and easier to maintain due to it’s accessibility of replacing brand new spare parts. No wonder why people in lower class can afford to have one motorcycle nowadays. The Land Transportation Office or (LTO) comparative report in the year 2010-2012 that motorcycle registration in 2010 has 681,196 in the entire region and in the year 2012 motorcycle registration with 820,817 1.2 Statement of the Problem The following problems included in this study. a.Riders may not know how to diagnose the problem when a motorcycle breakdown happens. In most cases, riders may seek nearest shop to repair it. b.The idea of mechanics are not the 1.3 General Objective The objective of this research is to develop an expert system for Android phones that will be used to diagnose motorcycle problems step by step. 1.3.1 Specific Objective The specific objectives of the study are the following: a.To capture the expertise of a motorcycle mechanic in diagnosing motorcycle breakdowns, breakdowns are engine won’t start or hard to start, engine lower end and exhaust problems, carburetor problems, electrical problems, and other related problems. b.To capture the expertise of a motorcycle mechanic in pinpointing the most likely cause of problem in motorcycle engine. c.To analyze the symptoms related to problem based from the knowledge acquired with the domain expert and other sources as e-books, manuals and the web. d.To test and fine tune the encoded knowledge of the expert system. 1.4 Scope and Limitation The following defines the scope and limitation of the research: 1.4.1 Scope of the Research a.The expert system based on the knowledge of a motorcycle mechanic in troubleshooting of a motorcycle engine using E2GDroid expert system shell. 1.4.2 Limitation of the Research a.Only the following four-stroke engines with 110CC and above were included in the system. b.Two-stroke engines including with cooling system are not included in the system. 1.5 Significance of the Research The developed expert system will benefited for the motorcycle riders in diagnosing the problems of their own motorcycle engine. The developed expert system aims to help riders to repair their own motorcycle engine in the without the engine mechanic. The features includes mobility, and it is mobile based, does not require a laptop/netbook. Being portable, it can be used anytime and anywhere.

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman as Social Commentary :: Death of a Salesman

Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman as Social Commentary Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman portrays the Loman's and all the family conflicts they faced.   It's also apparent on a bigger scale that this play is a social commentary.   It touches all the problems brought on by wealth and success in our culture.   Death of a Salesman is more effective as a reflection of society and the problems it faces than as a depiction of family conflicts.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The play showed how Willy Loman's longing to be successful controlled his life and ruined his family.   Willy also represents a large piece of society.   He portrays the people in our culture that base their lives on acquiring money.   Greed for success has eaten up large numbers of people in this country.   It's evident in the way Willy acts that his want of money consumes him.   This constantly happens in our society; people will do anything to crawl up the ladder of success, often knocking down anyone in their way.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of a Salesman also reflected how families treat people once they are older.   Willy raised Biff and Happy when they were completely dependent on him, but the boys aren't willing to help Willy out when he needs them.   This is more effective when looked at as if Willy represents all the older people in our society.   It shows how the elderly are looked down upon, are thought to be crazy, and have their jobs taken away for no reason other than age.   At times you feel sorry for Willy because these things are happening to him and he is powerless against them.   This makes the reader stop to examine our own culture and the ways we discriminate against people who should be our equals and treated with respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚   This play also represents how Willy's actions affected his entire family.   He always pushed the boys to have to be the greatest at everything they did.   This made the children grow up to always feel like they could never do enough to please their father.   They ended up doing things against what they truly wanted.   Biff never found a sufficient occupation and was forced to do things like steal.   Happy ended up lying to make things always seem better than they were.   But it's how this represents society that makes it so effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest issue this play imitates is peer pressure.   Willy's pressure

Albinism Essay

Albinism Background Information Albinism is a genetic disorder which affects the amount of melanin produced, in a person’s skin, hair, or eyes. Oculocutaneous albinism, Ocular albinism, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome are other names for this genetic disorder. The disorder affects mostly men, because it is a recessive gene. Females are usually carriers. Albinism does not affect any specific ethnic or religious group. Symptoms/ Effects This Genetic Disorder affects the eyes, skin, or hair’s pigmentation. If an organism has albinism, it has little or no color in a specific part of its body. Albinistic skin burns easily. People with this disorder have to take special precautions to avoid sunburns and diseases such as skin cancer. Most types of Albinism also affect the eyes. Symptoms affecting the eyes include Crossed eyes, Light sensitivity, Rapid eye movements, Vision problems, and functional blindness. Albinistic people may have to limit their outdoor activities to avoid too much exposure to the sun. This disorder itself is not life threatening. However albinism affects many animals’ camouflage, and makes them easy prey. A human’s life span can be shortened by lung disease or bleeding problems from a form of Albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome. Testing/ Diagnostics This disorder can be detected simply by looking for pale or unnatural colored eyes, hair, or skin. To make sure, scientists use genetic tests to affirm that a person has albinism. Ophthalmologists also conduct electroretinograms to detect any optical problems. Causes Albinism is a recessive gene that can only be inherited. It is not sex-linked. Treatments Albinism cannot be cured, but it a person with albinism can wear colored contacts or sunglasses to comfort and protect their eyes. They can wear sun block and stay indoors to protect their skin. Name: Vivian Ray (Vivia)? Age: 17? Gender: F? Appearance: There, you see her first thing you notice when you see Vivia, is her grace. From her delicate structure to her fluid motions, she is elegant and nimble. Vivia has dark black/brown hair pulled into a messy bun with an ornate pen sticking out of it. She has overgrown bangs, that fall into her face. She has an odd way of talking, she looks at you straight in the eyes with her bright grey irises, while speaking with long embellished sentences in a melodic voice. Vivia does not appear to be intimidating or weak. But at the same time, both. She holds herself tall and her eyes seem be a portal to her her inner depths.? Abilities/Talents: Vivia once ice-skated and did ballet. She is moderately athletic. Vivia’s main talent is writing. She often walks around in the park trying to find the perfect word to decribe the leaves slowly falling down, or the prints in the snow. She has her own column in the Elwood High newspaper called â€Å"On the Bright Side†? Basic Likes/Dislikes:? Likes: Vivia like things that are well though out, poems, artwork, and anything else. She loves sour things, and is often sucking a lemon head. When asked her favorite color she thinks of her late mother’s grey eyes (the only trait she inherited from her mother) and replies without hesitation, grey. She loves fruit and would pick it over any other dessert, likes listening to instrumental music . She also likes to reread her dog-eared copies of Shakespeare in her free time.? Dislike: The number one thing Vivia dislikes is being wrong. She does not like the uncertainty and indecisiveness she often suffers from. She also does not like people who stereotype and make assumptions about her. She tends to not work as hard if she is forced to do something instead of herself choosing to do something. Vivia also absolutely hates suspense, and has yet to read a full mystery without skipping to the end.? Personality: Vivia, is usually not the loudest person, and often simply listens in the background. However, her writing truly shows who she is, and wants to be. She is often caught dreaming about what would happen if her life were different. She has a temper if you annoy her enough to find it. She can be stubborn, and is very fair.? Background Information: As a senior at Aberle High, Vivia is being pressured into making the big decision as to what career path she should choose. Her father is pushing her toward a doctorate, while she would rather become an author.? Relationships: Vivia’s mother was a journalist and died in a car accident while driving to the scene of er next story. She lives with her father and little brother. She loves her father and wants to make him proud. There, you see her, leaning against a tree

The role and function of violence in the novel `The World According to Garp`

John Irving's notoriety as a novelist rests at least partially upon his admirable ability to fuse the comic and tragic in fiction, often within the same â€Å"sketch† or scene. His persistent vision of the absurd and sublime as conjoined twins alludes to a more profound and probing set of themes in his published fiction.In his novel, â€Å"The World According to Garp† the apparent domesticity of the story's characters and settings prove little protection against the forces of fate or circumstance which collide repeatedly with the domestic surface of the novel, many times in irruptions of violence, with much of that violence seeming to be random or bizarre. The function and role of violence in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is manifold; however, one of the primary functions of Irving's continuous depiction of violence is to portray the chaos and random dangers of the universe.The point of violence in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is not only to ins truct readers about possible sociological and ethical breeches in contemporary society, but to remind readers of the primal, seemingly random violence which fills the universe itself. One way of depicting violence in the novel is to show a darkly comic, almost slapstick vision of violence, as in the infamous Michael Milton â€Å"castration† scene where one of the novel's darkest and most tragic moments is simultaneously offset by the â€Å"humor† of the situation: his penis being bitten off in a car while engaging in an extramarital affair.There is simultaneously a notion of poetic justice in this scene, but also of devastating almost unimaginable tragedy which shatters the surface of the domestic scene. This juxtapositioning of violence with comic-tragic experience is continuous throughout the novel. â€Å"The existence of bizarre violence and the associated vein of black humor, even in the first section of the book, contributes to irony. The novel opens to the backd rop of a war, and Jenny Fields's brusque categorizing of the wounded The Role and Function of Violence in `The World According to Garp` page -2-into classes of Externals, Vital Organs, Absentees, and Goners certainly contains an element of the blackly humorous. † (Wilson, 1992, p. 55) In one way or another, each of the characters in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is seen to be either a victim of violence, usually chaotic violence, living in the aftermath of their experience, or as a victim (unknowingly) headed for a violent encounter, or both. The sense of violence as ubiquitous, but ultimately unpredictable and unaccountable, reinforces the cosmic or universal scope of the primal element of violence discussed previously.This primal— ineffable — power, the power of random violent tragedy is symbolized by Walt's mis-hearing of the word â€Å"undertow† which he mistakenly calls â€Å"Under Toad. † The â€Å"Under Toad† becomes a near -archetypal vision of cosmic disorder and brutality. â€Å"Walt's malapropism becomes a catchphrase that the Garp family uses to refer to imminent danger, violence, and death. The randomness and suddenness of death are brought to our attention at the very beginning of the novel when Garp's father, the ball-turret gunner, becomes a â€Å"Goner.† Although violence and death abound in Irving first novel, Setting Free the Bears, in Garp there is one disaster after another. (Campbell, 1998, p. 81) The universal presence of violence and disorder becomes associated, through its immersion into the â€Å"every day† settings and characters, with a primitive, natural force, something which impacts humanity and flows through them but issues, perhaps, from a more cosmically primitive level. One way the natural primitivism of violence is expressed in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is through the association of violence with sex.â€Å"Whatever the The Role and Function o f Violence in `The World According to Garp` page -3-connection, sex and violence are related throughout the novel, and Garp finds himself confronting them at nearly every turn. â€Å"(Campbell, 1998, p. 83) This association allows Irving to demonstrate that primal, chaotic violence exists as an intrinsic part of the universal paradigm and finds oblique, often absurd and even humorous expression through human events. In this way, violence, like death and birth, love and sex, is viewed as an endemic force of nature.As a symbol for Irving's cosmic paradigm, the wrestling room at Steering college offers a complex and complete statement, symbolically, for Irving's cosmic vision. Here, in a place created for violent confrontation, all of the major events of a life, Garp's life, emanate. â€Å"It is not only where Garp learns how to wrestle and feels at home, but also where he proposes to Helen Holm. It is, further, the space that Pooh Percy enters, in a nurse's uniform (like his mother' s), and kills Garp. † (Campbell, 1998, p.75)The wrestling room becomes a microcosm, a stage whereupon the great, often absurd, dramas of a life are enacted, but it is a place of competition, of struggle, and ultimately of death. The cycle which links sex and violence, death and birth, continues in Garp's stream of consciousness even as he lays dying, showing how individuality is subsumed under the larger, cosmic processes. Garp thinks: â€Å"Even if there is only death after death (after death), be grateful for small favors— sometimes there is birth after sex, for example.And if you are very fortunate, sometimes there is sex after birth! † (Irving, 576). Irving's use of violence in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is extensive, varied, and intense. The modes of violence in the novel range from the comic to the harrowingly tragic and often involve two or modes simultaneously. Irving's purpose in depicting violence in this way is to establish violence and chaos as an integral part of the universe inhabited by humanity, whose insular and myopic visions partake of, but are incapable of fully comprehending the universal forces which shape their lives.

Alexanders reforms essays

Alexanders reforms essays How valid is this interpretation of the reign of Tsar Alexander 2nd? The quotation suggests that with the accession of Alexander as Tsar of Russia he had no sympathy to with the repressive system (nature) of his predecessors. Written by George Hume an Englishman, and taken from his memoirs published in 1914, one would generally assume he has taken great care in coming to this conclusion on the reign of Alexander 2nd but one much also take into account the influence war time Europe (1914) etc had on this outcome. However, from this quotation we can infer Hume believes Alexander approached his duties is a comparatively different way to that of the tsars before him and in general there are various reasons that support this case. Alexander the 2nd realised the need for reform after recognising that his Russia or rather his predecessors had developed a rather backward country both socially and economically to that of the rest of Europe. Arguably his greatest reform lay with the Serfs. Russia was made up generally speaking of almost 97% peasants, those of whom were predominantly agricultural labourers or slaves that lived in perpetual starvation most of the year. His realisation that the situation of the serfs needed to be resolved greatly changed the outcome of Russia, in terms of its advancement towards a stably economic power in Europe. The Serfs were to be emancipated with land of their own and all debts to previous owners or landlords paid by the state. Alexander had obviously, by this act taken the first step to a better Russia and it was clear that further reform lay ahead. The next stage Alexander saw problems with was Russia legal system. Bribery and corruption flourished freely in courtrooms throughout Russia before his accession. And the need for relative adjudication and a common fair trial was necessary to Alexander for stability in his new modernised Russia. To many Alexanders word was law as indeed the a...

Quotes From A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

Quotes From 'A Tale of Two Cities' by Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities is a dense classic, often studied in classrooms. Charles Dickens published the work late in his career as a popular novelist in Victorian England. The backdrop of A Tale of Two Cities is the French Revolution; and a whole myriad of colorful characters are in attendance (as is usual for the works of Charles Dickens). Here are a few quotes from the literary master. Quotes from Book 1 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other wayin short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 1Jerry, say that my answer was, RECALLED TO LIFE.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 2Eighteen years! Gracious Creator of day! To be buried alive for eighteen years!- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 3She had laid her head upon my shoulder, that night when I was summoned outshe had a fea r of my going, though I had noneand when I was brought to the North Tower they found these upon my sleeve. You will leave me them? They can never help me to escape in the body, though they may in the spirit. Those words I said. I remember them very well. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 6 If, when I tell you, dearest dear, that your agony is over, and that I have come here to take you from it, and that we go to England to be at peace and at rest, I cause you to think of your useful life laid waste, and of our native France so wicked to you, weep for it, weep for it! And if, when I shall tell you of my name, and of my father who is living, and of my mother who is dead, you learn that I have to kneel to my honoured father, and implore his pardon for never having for his sake striven all day and lain awake and wept all night, because the love of my poor mother hid his torture from me, weep for it, weep for it! Weep for her, then, and for me! Good gentlemen, thank God! I feel his sacred tears upon my face, and his sobs strike against my heart. O, see! Thank God for us, thank God! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 6All through the cold and restless interval, until, dawn, they once more whispered in the ears of Mr. Jarvis Lorrysitting opposite the bur ied man who had been dug out, and wondering what subtle powers were forever lost to him, and what were capable of restorationthe old inquiry: I hope you care to be recalled to life?- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 6 Quotes from Book 2 But indeed, at that time, putting to death was a recipe much in vogue with all trades and professions, and not least of all with Tellsons. Death is Natures remedy for all things, and why not Legislations? Accordingly, the forger was put to Death; the utterer of a bad note was put to Death; the unlawful opener of a letter was put to Death; the purloiner of forty shillings and sixpence was put to death; the holder of a horse at Tellsons door, who made off with it, was put to Death; the coiner of a bad schilling was put to Death; the sounders of three-fourths of the notes in the whole gamut of Crime, were put to Death. Not that it did the least good in the way of preventionit might almost have been worth remarking that the fact was exactly the reversebut, it cleared off (as to this world) the trouble of each particular case, and left nothing else connected with it to be looked after.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 1I wont be gone again, in this manner. I am as r ickety as a hackney-coach, Im as sleepy as laudanum, my lines is strained to that degree that I shouldnt know, if it wasnt for the pain in em, which was me and which was somebody else, yet Im none the better for it in pocket; and its my suspicion that youve been at it from morning to night to prevent me from being better for it in the pocket, and I wont put up with it, Aggerawayter, and what do you say now! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 1 Waste forces within him, and a desert all around, this man stood still on his way across a silent terrace, and saw for a moment, lying in the wilderness before him, a mirage of honorable ambition, self-denial, and perseverance. In the fair city of this vision, there were airy galleries from which the loves and graces looked upon him, gardens in which the fruits of life hung ripening, waters of Hope that sparkled in his sight. A moment, and it was gone. Climbing to a high chamber in a well of houses, he threw himself down in his clothes on a neglected bed, and its pillow was wet with wasted tears.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 5I have sometimes sat alone here of an evening, listening, until I have made the echoes out to be the echoes of all the footsteps that are coming by and by into our lives.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 6There is a great crowd coming one day into our lives, if that be so.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 6 What a night it has been! Almost a night, Jerry, to bring the dead out of their graves.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 6It is extraordinary to me that you people cannot take care of yourselves and your children. One or the other of you is forever in the way.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 7I know it all, I know it all. Be a brave man, my Gaspard! It is better for the poor plaything to die so, than to live. It has died in a moment without pain. Could it have lived an hour as happily? - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 7Repression is the only lasting philosophy. The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof shuts out the sky, - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 9Good-night! I look to the pleasure of seeing you again in the morning. Good repose! Light Monsieur my nephew to his chamber there! And burn Monsieur my nephew in his bed , if you will. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 9 There is no harm at all done. I have not proposed to the young lady, and, between ourselves, I am by no means certain, on reflection, that I ever should have committed myself to that extent. Mr. Lorry, you cannot control the mincing vanities and giddiness of empty-headed girls; you must not expect to do it, or you will always be disappointed. Now, pray say no more about it. I tell you, I regret it on account of others, but I am satisfied on my own account. And I am really very much obliged to you for allowing me to sound you, and for giving me your advice; you know the young lady better than I do; you were right, it never would have done. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 12The time will come, the time will not be long in coming, when new ties will be formed about youties that will bind you yet more tenderly and strongly to the home you so adornthe dearest ties that will ever grace and gladden you. O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy fathers face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet, think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 13 But, there were other echoes, from a distance, that rumbled menacingly in the corner all through this space of time. And it was now, about little Lucies sixth birthday, that they began to have an awful sound, as of a great storm in France with a dreadful sea rising. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 21Seven prisoners released, seven gory heads on pikes, the keys of the accursed fortress of the eight strong towers, some discovered letters and other memorials of prisoners of old time, long dead of broken heartssuch, and such-like, the loudly echoing footsteps of Saint Antoine escort through Paris streets in mid-July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine. Now, Heaven defeat the fancy of Lucie Darnay, and keep these feet far out of her life! For, they are headlong, mad, and dangerous; and in the years so long after the breaking of the cask at Defarges wine-shop door, they are not easily purified when once stained red. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 21 From such household occupations as their bare poverty yielded, from their children, from their aged and their sick crouching on the bare ground famished and naked, they ran out with streaming hair, urging one another, and themselves, to madness with the wildest cries and actions. Villain Foulon taken, my sister! Old Foulon taken, my mother! Miscreant Foulon taken, my daughter! Then, a score of others ran into the midst of these, beating their breasts, tearing their hair, and screaming, Foulon alive! Foulon who told the starving people they might eat grass! Foulon who told my old father that he might eat grass, when I had no bread to give him! Foulon who told my baby it might suck grass, when these breasts were dry with want! O mother of God, this Foulon! O Heaven, our suffering! Hear me, my dead baby and my withered father: I swear on my knees, on these stones, to avenge you on Foulon! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 22For scores of years gone by, Monseigneur had squeezed and wrung it, and had seldom graced it with his presence except for the pleasures of the chasenow, found in hunting the people; now, found in hunting the beasts, for whose preservation Monseigneur made edifying spaces of barbarous and barren wilderness. No. The change consisted in the appearance of strange faces of low caste, rather than in the disappearance of the high-caste, chiseled, and otherwise beatified and beatifying features of Monseigneur. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 23 For the love of Heaven, of justice, of generosity, of the honour of your noble name, I supplicate you, Monsieur heretofore the Marquis, to succour and release me. My fault is that I have been true to you. Oh, Monsieur heretofore the Marquis, I pray you be true to me! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 24The Loadstone Rock was drawing him, and he must sail on, until he struck. He knew of no rock; he saw hardly any danger. The intention with which he had done what he had done, even although he had left it incomplete, presented it before him in an aspect that would be gratefully acknowledged in France on his presenting himself to assert it. Then, that glorious vision of doing good, which is so often the sanguine mirage of so many good minds, arose before him, and he even saw himself in the illusion with some influence to guide this raging Revolution that was running so fearfully wild. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 24 Quotes From Book 3 Five paces by four and a half, five paces by four and a half, five paces by four and a half. He made shoes, he made shoes, he made shoes. The ghosts that vanished when the wicket closed. There was one among them, the appearance of a lady dressed in black, who was leaning in the embrasure of a window, and she had a light shining upon her golden hair, and she looked like...Let us ride on again, for Gods sake, through the illuminated villages with the people all awake! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 1The wives and mothers we have been used to see since we were as little as this child, and much less, have not been greatly considered? We have known their husbands and fathers laid in prison and kept from them, often enough? All our lives, we have seen our sister-women suffer, in themselves and in their children, poverty, nakedness, hunger, thirst, sickness, misery, oppression and neglect of all kinds? - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 3It wa s the popular theme for jests; it was the best cure for headache, it infallibly prevented the hair from turning grey, it imparted a particular delicacy to the complexion, it was the National Razor which shaved close: who kissed La Guillotine, looked through the little window and sneezed into the sack. It was the sign of the regeneration of the human race. It superseded the Cross. Models of it were worn on breasts from which the Cross was discarded, and it was bowed down to and believed in where the Cross was denied. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 4 I call myself Samson of the firewood guillotine. See here again! Loo, loo, loo; Loo, loo, loo! And off her head comes! Now, a child. Tickle, tickle; Pickle, pickle! And off its head comes! All the family! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 5I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me, shall never die. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 9If it had pleased God to put it in the hard heart of either of the brothers, in all these frightful years, to grant me any tidings of my dearest wifeso much as to let me know by a word whether alive or deadmight have thought that He had not quite abandoned them. But, now I believe that the mark of the red cross is fatal to them, and that they have no part in His mercies. And them and their descendants, to the last of their race, I, Alexandre Manette, unhappy prisoner, do this last night of the ye ar 1767, in my unbearable agony, denounce to the times when all these things shall be answered for. I denounce them to Heaven and to earth. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 10 Then tell the Wind and Fire where to stop, but dont tell me. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 12If you remember the words that passed between us, long ago, you will readily comprehend this when you see it. You do remember them, I know. It is not in your nature to forget them. I am thankful that the time has come, when I can prove them. That I do so is no subject for regret or grief. If it had been otherwise, I never should have used the longer opportunity. If it had been otherwise - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 13It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 15

Module 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Module 5 - Essay Example Those who finally do attain a post are called the mandarins. Literati scholars were schooled in a particular form of Confucianism known as the School of Literati. There are four arts of the Chinese scholar: qin, qi, shu (calligraphy), and hua (painting). Qin, or more precisely guqin, is the literati’s musical instrument meaning old (gu) musical instrument (qin). It is a seven stringed zither that is plucked to produce sound. Invented some 3,000 years ago, the qugin maintains its relevance into the space age; when the unmanned spacecraft Voyager was launched in 1977, it contained a recording of a guqin piece. The second art, qi, is a chess-like board game now called weiqi (‘surrounding game’) in Chinese, and go in Japan and in the Western countries. Various speculations exist regarding the origins of the game; one is that it is a fortune-telling tool employed by ancient Chinese astronomers who discern the influence exerted by the universe on an individual. In this game, black and white stones are placed on a 19 by 19 line grid. The stones are placed on the intersections of the lines; when a stone is surrounded on all four sides by an opposing color, then the stone is captured and removed from play; the game ends when there are no more possible moves. The third art is shu (Chinese calligraphy). This is the source of all calligraphic tradition in East Asia, including Japan, Korea and Vietnam. These are distinctive because they emphasize motion and â€Å"sheer life experience,† with â€Å"time and rhythm in shifting space† (Stanley-Baker, 2010). The fourth art of the literati is hua (Chinese painting). Literati paintings were prized above all academic paintings by educated people because of the painting’s goal of revealingthe inner character of the painter and how he depicts sensitivity towards the conditions of human life (Indiana University, 2012). The video chosen is centered on the design and

The Cherokee People Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Cherokee People - Research Paper Example Although a great deal of emphasis has been placed upon the interaction between Europeans and Native Americans, the reality of the fact is that rather than approaching this issue from the split standpoint of understanding that two separate entities existed at each and every juncture, a far more effective means of interpretation has to do with the melding of culture and the means through which unique dynamics in the Cherokee experience came to be evidenced as a result of the process of acculturation. Firstly, it must be understood that the geographic representation of the Cherokee people was mainly concentric within the now modern states of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee. As a function of this level of geographic representation, the Cherokee people have oftentimes been referred to as those who lived in the mountains by contemporary Indian tribes. Interestingly, whereas many other Native American tribes were defined as nomadic, the Cherokee people could be define d as â€Å"semi-nomadic† (Emerald, 2012, p. 44). This is due primarily to the fact that individual branches of the tribe tended to inhabit specific regions, and cultivate crops. These crops included but were not limited to squash, beans, sunflowers, and different types of corn. So great was the emphasis upon agriculture that the Cherokee put forward that the introduction of a specific hybrid of corn was developed as a result of their agricultural endeavors. To specific theories exist with regards to the ultimate origin of the Cherokee tribe. Due to the fact that the Cherokees native-language was determined by linguists and anthropologists as uniquely Iroquoian, the most prominent theory suggests that the Cherokee tribe migrated from the Great Lakes region approximately 500 to 700 years prior to first contact with the Europeans (Chambers, 2013, p. 26). The ultimate purpose for this migration is little known; however, myths and legends exist with regards to the fact that other Iroquois nations banished this particular group of individuals from the Great Lakes regions. The subsequent removal and forced exodus led this tribe to inhabit a region that few other native peoples wanted; namely the Appalachian mountain range. A secondary theory that exists with regards the origin of the Cherokee people posits the belief that this particular tribe of Native Americans was an offshoot of the mound building Native Americans that inhabited parts of Mississippi. However, further ethnological and anthropological work, as well as a great deal of archaeological analysis has revealed the fact that this particular theory does not have a high level of evidence to support it. Moreover, the secondary theory promotes an understanding that the Cherokee people had been living within the region of the southeastern states for a period of over 1000 years; a fact that no direct archaeological evidence that is thus far been uncovered and/or analyzed denotes (Blackburn, 2013, p. 16). T he first contact with Europeans was with an expedition led by Hernando De Soto. As such, like so many of the contacts initially made with Europeans, relations were friendly and ultimately somewhat profitable to both sides (Greg & Wishart, 2012, p. 11). The Native Americans received traded goods in exchange for raw material, guidance, and

Collaborative Models in Elementary Education Classroom Research Paper

Collaborative Models in Elementary Education Classroom - Research Paper Example Different ways exist in which the children can obtain instructional support. I would approach teachers with the fact that collaboration enables students to learn in a minimal restrictive environment. In an assessment of whether the children are all having the same learning experience, I would be able to generate a report to show that special needs children need more specialized learning techniques as compared to the regular students. I will bring the teachers into account by telling them that each of them is responsible for everything that happens in a particular classroom. There should be a closer working association between the regular teachers and the special needs teachers (Solis, Vaughn, Swanson & Mcculley, 2012). The special education teachers are responsible for delivery of content in areas they are certified and experienced in, as a way of supporting teachers with no background in special education. I will therefore stress the importance of incorporating collaboration models such as team teaching in the school curriculum. This will involve the special and regular education teachers working together to cater for the needs and curiosity of all the students. The special education teachers guide the regular teachers on how to make alterations in the teaching skills in order to satisfy the needs of all students (van Garderen, Hanuscin, Lee & Kohn, 2012). van Garderen, D., Hanuscin, D., Lee, E., & Kohn, P. (2012). QUEST: A collaborative professional development model to meet the needs of diverse learners in K†6 science. Psychology in the Schools, 49(5),

Functions of Strategic Management and Theories of Management

Functions of Strategic Management and Theories of Management Introduction Strategic management is one of the most key human activities. From the time human beings began forming social organizations to accomplish aims and objectives they could not achieve as persons, managing has been necessary to ensure the ordination of individual efforts. As society constantly relied on group effort, and as any organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage composite organizations. The middle theory of this paper is that although some managers in different parts of the world could have achieved managerial success without having basic theoretical knowledge in management, it has to be clearly emphasized that those managers who have mixed management theory in their day-to-day practice, have had better chances of managing their organizations more professionally and effectively to achieve both individual and organizational objectives. Therefore, managers of modern organizations ought to appreciate the important role they play in their respective organizations if they are to achieve set goals. Secondly, there is need to promote excellence among all persons in organizations, especially among managers themselves. Definition of strategic Management Management is the art, or science, of achieving goals through people. Since managers also manage, management can be interpret to mean accurately making sure people do hat they are supposed to do. Managers are therefore, expected to ensure greater productivity or, using the current terms, continuous improvement more broadly, management is the process of designing and maintain an environment in which persons, working together in groups, efficiently achieve selected aims . In its expanded form, this basic definition means several things. First, as managers, people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Second, management applies to any kind of organization. Third, management applies to managers at all organizational levels. Fourth, the aim of all managers is the same to create extra. Finally, managing is concerned with output this implies efficiency and efficiency.      Strategic Management Objectives, Functions, Goals, and Essentiality Management Objectives There are fundamentally three management objectives. One objective is ensuring Organizational goals and targets are met with least cost and smallest amount waste. The second objective is looking after health and welfare, and safety of staff. The third purpose is caring the mechanism and resources of the organization, including the human resources. Strategic Management Functions To understand management, it is imperative that we break it down into five managerial functions, namely, planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Planning: Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve them. It requires managerial, choosing future courses of act from among alternatives. Plans range from overall purposes and objectives to the most detailed actions to be taken. No real plan exists until a decision a obligation of human and material resources has been made. In other words, before a decision is made, all that exists is planning study, analysis, or a suggestion; there is no real plan. People working together in groups to achieve some goal must have roles to play. Generally, these roles have to be defined and structured by someone who wants to make sure that people put in in a specific way to group effort. Organizing: It is that part of management that involves establishing an intentional arrangement of roles for people to fill in an organization. Intentional in that all tasks essential to accomplish goals are assign and assigned to people who can do those best. Indeed, the purpose of an organizational structure is to help in creating an environment for human act. However, designing an organizational structure is not an easy managerial task because many problems are encountered in making structures fit situations, including both refining the kind of jobs that must be done and finding the people to do them. Staffing involves filling, and keeping filled, the positions in the organization structure. Leading: Leading is the influencing of people so that they will give to organization and group goals; it has to do mostly with the interpersonal aspect of managing. Most important problems to managers arise from people their needs and attitudes, their behavior as individuals and in groups. Hence, effective managers need to be effective leaders. Leading involve motivation, Controlling: Controlling, for example, budget for expense, is the measure and correct of behavior of subordinates to ensure that events conform to plans. It measures performance against goals and plans, shows where negative deviations exist, and, by putting in motion actions to correct deviation, helps ensure achievement of plans. Even though planning must precede controlling, plans are not self-achieving. Plans guide managers in the use of resources to accomplish specific goals, then activities are checked to determine whether hey conform to the plans. Compelling events to conform to plans means locating the persons who are liable for results that differ from planned action and then taking the required steps to improve performance. Thus, controlling what people do controls organizational outcomes. Coordinating: Finally, coordination is the essence of manager-ship for achieving synchronization among individual efforts toward the accomplishment of group goals. Each of the managerial functions discussed earlier on is an exercise causative to coordination. Because individuals often interpret similar interests in different ways, and their efforts in the direction of mutual goals do not automatically network with the efforts of others, it, thus, becomes the central task of the manager to reconcile differences in approach, timing, effort, or interest, and to go with individual goals to add to organizational goals. Although these management functions concern the internal environment for performance within an organization, managers must operate in the external environment of an organization as well. Clearly, managers cannot perform their tasks well unless they have an understanding of, and are responsive to, the many elements of the external environment economic, technological, social, political, and ethical factors that affect their areas of operation. Goals of All Managers First and prime, the logical and publicly enviable aim of all managers in all kinds of organizations, whether business or non-business, should be a spare. Thus, managers must set up an environment in which people can accomplish group goals with the least amount of time, money, resources, and personal discontent or in which they can achieve as much as possible of a desired goal with existing resources. In a non-business venture such as units of a business, such as an accounting department that are not responsible for total business profits, managers still have goals and should strive to achieve them with the minimum of resources or to accomplish as much as possible with available resources. A manager who achieves such an aim is said to be a strategic manager. The second goal or aim of all managers is that they must be creative. The: Essentiality of Management in Any Organization Managers are charged with the duty of taking actions that will make it possible for individuals to make their best help to group objectives. Thus, management applies to small and large organizations, to profit and not for-profit enterprises, to industrialized as well as service industries. However, a given situation may differ considerably among various levels in an organization or various types of enterprises. The scope of right held may vary and the types of problems dealt with may be significantly different. All managers obtain results by establishing an environment for effective group endeavor. In addition, all managers carry out managerial functions. However, the time spent for each function may differ. Thus, top-level managers spend more time on planning and organizing than do lower-level managers. Leading, on the other hand, takes a great deal of time for first-line supervisors. The distinction in the amount of time spent on controlling varies only slightly for managers at various levels. The manager is, therefore, the dynamic, life-giving element in every business. Without the leadership of the manager, resources of production remain mere resources and never become production. In a aggressive economy, the quality and performance of the managers determine the success of a business, indeed, they establish its survival. Managerial Skills and the Organizational Hierarchy Mangers require four main kinds of skills, namely: technical, human, and theoretical and design. What does each of these skills mean? Technical skill is knowledge of and skill in activities involving methods, processes, and procedures. Thus, it involves working with tools and specific techniques. Human skill is the ability to work with people; it is cooperative effort, is cooperation, it is the creation of an environment in which people feel secure and free to convey their opinions. For purposes of explanation, technical skills are of greatest importance at the supervisory level and less at the middle-management level, human skills in the frequent interactions with subordinates at all levels, theoretical skills not critical for lower-level supervisors but gain in importance at the middle-management level. At the top management level, conceptual and design abilities and human skills are especially valuable, but there is relatively little need for technical abilities. The assumption, especially in large companies, those chief executives can utilize the technical abilities of their subordinates. In smaller firms, however, technical experience may still be quite important. Why Study Management Theory? Theories are perspectives with which people make sagacity of their world experiences. Theory is a methodical grouping of interdependent concepts mental images of anything formed by simplification from particular and principles are generalizations or hypotheses that are tested for accuracy and appear to be true to reflect or explain real it that give a structure to, or tie together, a significant area of knowledge. Increase data are not in sequence unless the observer has knowledge of the theory that will explain relationships. However, the variety of approaches to management study, the welter of research, and the number of opposing views have resulted in much confusion as to what management is, what management theory and science is, and how managerial events should be analyzed. Principles in management are fundamental truths, explaining affairs between two or more sets of variables, usually an independent variable and a dependent variable. Principles may be descriptive or predictive, and not narrow. That is, they describe how one variable relates to another what will happen when these variables oblige. Managers who apply theory to managing must usually blend values with realities. Once managers know about theory, they will have the capacity to forestall future problems that may occur in the enterprise. At this point it is worth distinctive management theory from management techniques. Contrary to the theory we have discussed above, techniques are essentially ways of doing things; methods of accomplishing a given result. In all fields of practice, including management, they are important. Management Theories Modern theories of management tend to account for and help construe the rapidly changing nature of todays organizational environments. This document will deal with several important management theories which are broadly classified as follows: The Scientific Management School comprising the mechanism of Frederick W. Taylor and Jillian Gilbreths motion study, between others, the Classical Organizational Theory School comprising the works of Henri Fayols views on administration, and Max Webers dealized administration, among others, Behavioral School comprising the work of Elton Mayo and his associates, the Management Science School which I discuss at the end of his section, and Recent Developments in Management Theory comprising works such as Systems. Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is generally referred to as Frederick Taylors Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor started the time of modern management. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he was decrying the awkward, ineffective, or ill-directed movements of men as national loss. Taylor consistently sought to depose management by rule of thumb and replace it with actual timed explanation leading practice. He also advocated the systematic training of workers in the one best practice other than allowing them personal discretion in their tasks. He further believed that the workload would be evenly shared between the workers and Classical Organizational Theory School In this category of management theory are the works of Max Webers practical theory and Henri Fayols managerial theory. Weber postulated that western civilization was shifting from thinking, moving action act derived from emotions, and traditional action action derived from past precedent to thinking. He believed that society was changing to seek technically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content. Weber then developed a set of principles for an ideal bureaucracy as follows: Fixed and official jurisdictional areas, a firmly prepared hierarchy of fantastic and subordination, management based on written records, thorough and expert training, official activity taking priority over other actions and that management of a given association follows stable, knowable rules. The establishment was envisioned as a large machine for attaining its goals in the most efficient manner possible. However, Weber was cautious of bureaucracy when he observed that the more fully realize, the more bureaucracy depersonalizes itself, the more completely it succeeds in achieving the exclusion of love, hatred, and every purely personal, especially irrational and limitless, feeling from execution of official tasks. Hence, Weber predicted a completely impersonal organization with little human level interaction between its members. Behavioral School The key scholar under this class is Elton Mayo. The origin of behavioral is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment carried out at the Western Electric Company, in the United States of America that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates experiments disproved Taylors beliefs that science dictate that the highest productivity was found in the one best way and that way could be obtained by controlled test. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity. When this experiment showed no clear link between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was working with a group of women incorporated rest breaks, no rest breaks, no free meals, more hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/ work-week. With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their o riginal hours and conditions, they set a efficiency record. These experiments proved five things. Recent Developments in Management Theory Under this category of theory are the system Approach, Situational or possibility theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and considerate organizations. A system is a collection f part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as have inputs. system share advice among each of these four aspects of the system. Management as Practice Managing, like all other practice whether medication, music work of art, engineering, accountancy, or even baseball is an art, it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the reality of a position. Yet managers can work better by using the organized information about management. It is this knowledge that constitutes science. However, the science underlying managing is fairly crude and inexact. This is true because the many variables with which managers deal are really complex. Yet, such management knowledge can certainly improve managerial practice. Managers who attempt to manage without management science must put their trust to luck, intuition, or what they did in the past. In managing, as in any other field, unless practitioners are to learn by trial and error, there is no place they can turn for meaningful guidance other than the accumulated knowledge underlying their practice, this accumulated knowledge is theory. For practical purposes, all managers must develop three s ets of skills, namely, conceptual, technical, and human. Conclusion In end, it has to be restated that management is the procedure of designing and maintain an environment for the reason of efficiently accomplish preferred aims. Managers carry out the functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Managing is a necessary activity at all executive level. However, the managerial skills necessary vary with organizational levels. The progress of management theory involves the growth of concepts, philosophy, and techniques. There are many theories about management, and each contributes something to our knowledge of what managers do. Each approach or theory has its own chacteristics and recompense as well as limitations. The prepared, or management procedure, pproach draws on each and methodically integrates them. Finally, the organization is an open system that operates in and interacts with the environment. The systems advance to management includes inputs from the outer environment and from claimants, the alteration process, the communication system, external factors, outputs, and a way to recuperate the system. No doubt, a manager who makes serious attempts to translate theory into reality is bound to increase productivity more than a manager who chooses to use the error approach. BIBLIOGRAPHY Homans G. C. (1958) The Human Group (New York: Harcout, Brace and World). Fleet David D. Van and Peterson Tim O. (1994) Contemporary Management (Houghton Mifflin Company), Third Edition. Koontz Harold (1961) The Management Theory Jungle, in Journal of the Academy of Management, December. Koontz Harold (1962) Making Sense of Management Theory, in Harvard Business Review, July-August. Koontz Harold (1980) The Management Theory Revisited, in Academy of Management Review, April. Koontz Harold and Weihrich Heinz (1990) Essentials of Management, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill. Stoner James A. F., Freeman R. Edward, and Gilbert, Jr. Daniel R. (2003) Management (New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India), Sixth Edition.