Media Role In Elections

Media Role In Elections During the pre-election, the election candidates usually will choose appropriate media as their tools to disseminate their asserted statements of futures government policies and to convey the way to improve the citizens living. It also a tool to gaining the ruling power from opposition parties, which may sway the voters decision of balloting. This manual offers a basic description of a new method of developing journalistic skills to cover elections, and provides some essential information about elections and reporting responsibilities and techniques. Although it has been used in a wide range of elections, referenda and others similar event around the world but it actually designed for purpose of coaching journalists in countries marked by conflict, or countries in the midst of a transition to democracy. Newspaper, as you will see, is foremost intended for those persons, we call them coaches ad that are assisting in skills development.(I don understand wat u try to said xD) It is a ha ndbook for those who are doing the coaching, or providing the training. But the information about elections and reporting is also meant to be passed on to reporters, editors and managers who are developing their skills. So the information here is to be shared, copied and used as journalists guidelines, as much as possible. So what is media? Why does media so important during the pre-election period? The media are included the whole host of modern communication systems, for example cinema, television, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, radio, and interactive multimedia. These developments depend on the use of industrial technology to produce, send and receive message. Country information From the overview coaches and trainees that like working journalists will need to do some intensive research before they arrive in an unfamiliar country. It is enormously beneficial to have a basic understanding on the country. That included their demographics, culture and history, as well as the current political situation and their media environment. This information is important in setting the context for the specific election. They also need to know about the specific conditions of the election. We will able to know the country information thought todays internet system and also some country-specific guidebooks. Besides that, the local governments websites will also present some basic information on the countrys population, economic conditions and health standards to educational levels. In examining guidebooks, we also can look for information such as life expectancy and number of citizens of voting age, extent of literacy, different ethnic groups, religions and languages, and ur ban and rural populations. These are factors to consider in guiding media coverage of an election campaign because they identify important groups of voters, challenges to voter education, and regions or issues which otherwise might be neglected. However in Malaysia, the Sultan is elected by hereditary state rulers to serve in a 5-years term. Prime Minister is designated by parliament. In the Senate (Dewan Negara), 44 members are appointed by the monarch to serve 3-years terms and 26 members are elected by the state legislatures to serve for 3-years. For the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) 222 members are elected by direct popular vote to serve in a 5-years terms. Media role in elections The media has a role to inform the citizens about the competing political parties and their programmes and candidates, and to contribute to the formation of opinion of the electorate. This may include formal voter education material provided by the electoral management body; alternatively or additionally, the media themselves may produce their own voter education materials. The overall aim of media coverage during elections campaigns in democracies is fair and objective reporting and information dissemination. This can, for instance, be achieved through measures such as a just allocation of broadcasting time between all the competing parties and candidates, (voluntary) agreements on fair news programmes, reports, and non-news programmes, or debates between party leaders. It is crucial in the first instance to ensure that every party and/or independent candidate has access to the media, in particular radio or television, since most voters gain their knowledge about politics via the media. That means that a broadcaster is not entitled to influence the public opinion by different treatment of one or another candidate or party. But still it is often the broadcaster who decides who is gaining access to the debates and discussion programmes. Media is sometimes manipulated by the governing party to report in their favour. Manipulation can take place during the designing of the programmes, reports and news, discussion programmes, and even non-news programmes, such as pure entertainment shows and movies. Propaganda may be disseminated under the guise of objective public information by the government. The danger of misuse of government power for campaigning purposes can be limited if laws and regulations are in place to regulate the role of the media in the elections campaign. Media The phrase the media began to be used in the 1920s, but referred to something that had its origins much further in the past. The invention of the printing press in the late 15th century gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. Newspapers is the first high-circulation newspapers arose in the eastern United States in the early 1800s, and were made possible by the invention of high-speed rotary steam printing presses, and railroads which allowed large-scale distribution over wide geographical areas. The increase in circulation, however, led to a decline in feedback and interactivity from the readership, making newspapers a more one-way medium. Since the beginning, high-circulation newspapers have been a medium for conditioning public opinion. Electrical telegraph is In the 1840s; the first commercial electrical telegraph was developed, allowing separating communications from transportation, enabling messages to be transmitted instantaneously over large distances. Movies are the Cinema began to be a large-scale entertainment industry in 1894, with the first commercial exhibition of film. The first films with a narrative began to be distributed in 1987. Radio is the first commercial broadcasts in the United States began in the 1920s. Television is the first television broadcasts for a mass audience began in 1936 Germany and UK. Regular mass TV broadcasts in the United States only began in 1948, with a show hosted by Arturo Toscanini and starring comedian Milton Berle. Political role in advanced capitalism since the 50s, when cinema, radio and TV began to be the primary or the only source of information for a larger and larger percentage of the population, these media began to be considered as central instruments of mass control. From the above statements, it emerged the idea that when a country has reached a high level of industrialization, the country itself belongs to the person who controls communications. Mass media has play a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues, both through the information that is dispensed through them, and through the interpretations they place upon this information. They also play a large role in shaping modern culture, by selecting and portraying a particular set of beliefs, values, and traditions, as reality. That is, by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, they shape reality to be more in line with that interpretation. The media environment The first priority is to identify the principles of the countrys media freedoms and regulations. Coaches must then determine the practical realities of these freedoms and regulations. In some countries there may be wide-ranging protection for media freedoms in the constitution or in legislation but the freedoms are much abused or ignored by authorities or journalists in daily life. Firstly, newspaper is the best way to research because it is a regularly scheduled publication containing news, information, and advertising, has emerged as one of the important media throughout the entire world. However, its multifunctional purpose has caused it to be manipulated in many forms. In Malaysia, the most obvious manipulation towards newspaper is in the form of political view. Political parties especially the ones who act as the rulers of the country are continuously taking advantage in the name of veto power to use newspaper as the primary tool to promote their propaganda. (Media Stereotyping: Reporting War and Terrorism, 2007). For example, Democratic Action Party (DAP) delivery rocket newspaper. As a definition, propaganda stands for a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influenc e an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political agenda. It is proven as it is used in the ancient times; the Roman Empire published Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, around 59 BC, as ordered by Julius Caesar. (Acta Diurna, 2010). Looking back during the National Election campaign in 2008, the Barisan Nasional governments launched their massive political campaign through the means of newspaper and other forms of media to sell out their propaganda in order to influence the minds of the citizens to vote for them. To make things easier, they are the rulers of this country and thus, no one can put the barrier on them on what-so-called restriction of press. The determination of press freedom is on their hands. However, in the campaign, they suffered the most humiliating defeat in the history of Malaysia as they lost five states to the opposition sides, Pakatan Rakyat; Kelantan, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, and Penang. How could it happen? This situation lied on several factors. The non-government newspapers played their role in publishing news on the truth behind every promise made by the governments sold out to the society during the election campaign. This actually worked out as citizens realised that they could not be continuously cheated off by the fake promise. It can be said that propaganda does not always work the way it should. Currently, the issue of the concept of 1Malaysia is another case regarding the manipulation of newspaper by the authorities to promote their propaganda. The introduction of this concept has been massively spread out to the mass audience via various kinds of mass media including newspapers. The spreading out can be classified as successful as everyone is talking about 1Malaysia now. However, the concept, introduced by the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, is still on the surface and the truth behind it is hidden from the acknowledgement of the public. 1Malaysia concept is still blurred and confusing. Everybody seems to accept the propaganda without realising the effects on them. The most obvious effect that will someday happen is that it harms and destroys the special rights enjoyed by the bumiputra especially Malays. Before things turn from worst to worse, Pakatan Rakyat try to stop the citizens from getting carried away by the cheat through the only medium they are able to; newspapers owned by them. Example of The Rocket Newspaper. Conclusion In this research, there are three main problem statements that are aimed to be found out. The first problem statement is that newspaper is being used as the primary tool to promote Malaysia government propaganda. The matter that is about to be conveyed is the advantage enjoyed by the government to simply use their veto power to spread their propaganda. Newspapers like Utusan Malaysia, Berita Harian, New Straits Times and many others are owned by the government. The question is that are these puppets being manipulated to do the promotion on behalf of the Barisan Nasional government neither directly or indirectly to set up the minds of the society. The second one is that the use of newspaper as a medium of spreading government propaganda is effective and giving impacts to the society or it is either occurring the other way around. The governments are the ones who act as the gatekeeper to all media including print media like newspaper. They pick what to publish and eliminate news that i s risky to harm them. The question whether it is totally effective or not in manipulating the citizens minds will be answered in the findings of this research. Last but not least, the opposition-own newspapers are also playing their role in revealing the hidden truth behind every propaganda of the ruler of this country and how effective their messages in setting up citizens minds? Newspapers like Suara Keadilan and Harakah are owned by the opposition sides. This research will reveal whether they succeed in showing the truth behind the propaganda of the government in the high-risk situation of do-or-die as there is a very high possibility that the government will misuse their power in stopping these kinds of newspapers to continue showing their true colours. Harvard-style for List of References Democracy assistance elections news from the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening (CEPPS), 2010 http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=131 Malaysias political landscape shifts, March 9, 2008 http://news.smh.com.au/world/malaysias-political-landscape-shifts-20080309-1y4u.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/48951049/Newspapers-as-Tools-to-Promote-Malaysian-Government-Propaganda Information on U.S. foreign policy and national interests, 20 August 2007 http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/August/20070820155151IHecuoR0.2139246.html#ixzz1K3NMU9O4

Marketing Communication Strategy

Remote control models and other hobby items (ctrl+click to follow link) Cheap cosmetics, skincare haircare, designer fasion. All famous brands (ctrl+click to follow link) A lot of exiting erotic products (ctrl+click to follow link) SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Marketing Communication Strategy (BA 5128) Content Page TitlePages Introduction to Bobblee 1 Target Market 2 Corporate and Advertising Objectives 3 Message Strategy Conclusion Appendices [pic] Introduction Product : Boblbee BOBLBEE – A unique and breakthrough backpack that provides a very versatile combination for transporting high-tech equipment together with soiled shoes or skates, while protecting both the contents and the carrier. The Urban Backpack was initially created by the young and dynamic designer Jonas Blanking who sees a need to protect his sports gear and work equipment from different hash environments he faced in everyday life. The The selling point of this unique bags lies within it’s Monocoque Hardshell strong and protective, yet light, comfortable and ergonomically sound. Together with Internal Cargo System and The External Cargo System came together as the first BOBLBEEâ„ ¢ Monocoque Hardshell Backpack in 1998. The team is assigned to bring about the awareness of this innovative product and to create a different image from the other bag producers in the market. And to help to achieve the sales target set by the client Target Group The audience will be basically average males in their age of 18 to 25 years old. The trains (MRT) is their time saving machine, not forgetting the buses that allows a shorter cuts across the city. Being constantly on the go, they have full of passion and are curious about the innovative and technology world. They are gamed enough to experience the different savy new aged equipment that are on the market. It is essential to have multi and convenience products on their body that will help to project a impressive image to any others. They also enjoy reading hip and fashion magazines to keep themselves updated with the ever changing trends of fashion. The shopping malls and internet are their weapons for any knowledge that they seek to find. The target group are usually youngsters in search of a outstanding identity, They are very knowledgeable and sensitivity towards the â€Å"what’s new† on the market. As the spending power had become stronger over the years, money is no longer a factor to getting anything that they wish to obtain. The boblbee backpack is a complete change over from the usual haversack we can find on the market. As the product has a sleek hard shell that stands out from the crowd, it does attract attention and project a new age look. On the whole the light backpack provides a multi functional and a kinder load to the user’s back. Corporate Objective â€Å" To achieve a sales revenue of S$800K in the first year and a total of S$74 million in the next 3 years(at 5% increment)† Advertising Objectives â€Å"Within a year, to inform and educate the target audience of males between 18 to 25 who are innovators, trendy and outdoor type. And to instill awareness† As it is new to the market that we are presenting to, there is a strong need to established a ground for this innovative product for the first year. So the revenue for the first year will be slightly slower as the ideas are to inform and educate the target audience. The consumers are constantly exposed to the ever quick moving fashion trends, by setting up a class of it’s own, would allows a good, stronger mind perceptions in consumers. Thus to attract and maintain the sales income will requires lots of reminders in the later part of the product cycle. Message Strategy Product positioning statement The â€Å"place† where a product occupies in a given market as perceived by the target audience is known as the product’s position. Positioning involves determining the image we want the product to have in the consumers’ mind as well as developing and implementing promotional strategies to achieve the desire image. There are several strategies to position a product in the market such as using Product Application or using Price/Quality†¦etc. For this product we decided to use the Product Attributes, which is able the set the brand apart from competitors based on specific characteristics or benefits offered. In fact it can help to position on more than one product benefit. It is important for the marketers to position their new product correctly so as to create awareness as well as to encourage the consumers on brand switching from competitors. The characteristics of the product that we want to emphasis to our consumers are that this bag is a durable, multi-functional product targeted for the new generation. We need to help the target audience to identify these benefits and their product acceptance to this innovative product in the new age. These extraordinary features also help the consumers to generate a cool image if their purchase decision on this product is made. It helps to keep and also protect their sensitive equipments such as laptop or digital cameras from any damages during movement, as long as they are safely kept in the hardshell. â€Å"To position Boblbee as a superior brand apart from other bags like Outdoor, Campus, Deuter etc. With exceptional product attributes, to form a durable multi-functional bag that caters to the needs of new age, techno savvy, sporty individuals with a crave for design of innovations†. Approach Our team has adopted Informative and argument approaches for our message presentation. As this is a new product to be introduced into the local market, these approaches can help to aggressively accelerate in brand presence. We regard this Boblbee backpack as a high involvement product since the target audiences are actively seeking information about this new product. Using the argument approach is also appropriate as the benefits from product features are not obvious to the target audience. The main benefits such as the impact protection, bellow flex and lumbar support system. Impact protection- The boblbee monocoque hardshell provides optimal protection for sensitive products such as lap tops and cameras. Bellow flex- the boblbee quick lock, in combination with the unique bellow flux, allows flexible volume adjustment and easy access. Lumbar support system- lumbar support created by the innovative S-design separates the upper load area from the lower lumbar support area and provides excellent weight distribution and reduced stress on the back. .. It has achieved several Awards wining in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Remote control models and other hobby items (ctrl+click to follow link) Cheap cosmetics, skincare haircare, designer fasion. All famous brands (ctrl+click to follow link) A lot of exiting erotic products (ctrl+click to follow link) Check these products CtrL + click on the banners to enter [pic] [pic] [pic] The right bag can make the difference ———â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [pic] The ultimate bag for all †¦ The right bag can make the difference for the modern sportsman†¦

Positive Reinforcement for Children Essay

From a very early age, children begin to learn about the association between behaviors and consequences. They realize that there is always going to be a consequence whether it’d be positive or negative, that would follow the behavior. Sometimes children behave very well and most of the time, children tend to give parents and others around them a hard time. When it comes to behavior modification, some basic steps include identifying the behavior, setting expectations, monitoring progress, and reinforcing correct behaviors. Positive reinforcement has a lot of effect on children when it comes to modifying a targeted behavior. A reinforcer, which can be either positive or negative, is defined as an event, stimulus, or condition that, when presented immediately following a behavior causes an increase in frequency of the behavior (Martin, G., & Pear, J., 2011 p 32). Positive Reinforcement for Children There are various opinions concerning the value of positive reinforcement when discussing modifying behaviors of young children (Sigler, E., & Aamidor, S., 1990). Children will always need guidance in good behavior, and it is a parent’s duty to provide this guidance. Parents can model good behavior and discuss with their children what constitutes good behavior, but it is helping children act on their own that will allow them to understand what is appropriate and what is not in a variety of situations. Everyone likes to be praised and children are no different. When children display good behavior, parents should acknowledge their actions by congratulating their children on their decisions. Such positive reinforcements allow children to connect that what they did has made their parents happy, and therefore was the correct choice. For example, when a child puts his toys away without being asked, having a parent say â€Å"Well done!† and giving him a cuddle will help him connect that putting toys away is a good decision. However, parents should not confuse positive reinforcement with bribery. There is definitely a difference between a reward and a bribe. If you have specific expectations for a child, such as getting their homework done before playtime or cleaning their room up each evening, you should never offer bribes to get them to do these things. They need to learn that it is their responsibility to do these things. However, if your child does something exceptionally well, such as getting a good grade on a particularly hard test, then you should celebrate and reward their achievements. This will help the child learn that there are certain things that are simply expected of them, but that going â€Å"above and beyond† has its own rewards. Children should be not be offered rewards in the hopes that they will act in a certain manner, and positive consequences should never be offered before a behavior is carried out. If it is, then parents cannot know for sure whether a child acted a certain way because it was the right thing to do or because he was told to act a certain way and promised a prize for doing so. It is essential, prior to any discussion concerning modification of behaviors, to differentiate between ‘praise’ and ‘positive reinforcement’. In the most classic definition, positive reinforcement is a method of identifying to children which behaviors are acceptable and appropriate and which are not. More specifically, the use of positive reinforcement is the act of identifying and encouraging a behavior, with the hopes that the desired behavior will increase (Burden, 2003). The theory is that any behavior followed by a pleasant stimulus is likely to be repeated (Westen, 1999). This ‘pleasant stimulus’ can be anything ‘nice’ and can also include a multitude of other positive responses (Alberto & Troutman, 1990). There are several different ways to use positive reinforcement. At the basic level, you can consider the use of natural reinforcement, social reinforcement, token reinforcement, and tangible reinforcement. All of these entail delivering a specific consequence following a desired behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue or increase in the future. Although praise is one of many forms of positive reinforcement, it is by no means the only or even the best choice when working with young children. Educators often use praise interchangeably with positive reinforcement when indeed an important distinction must be made between the two (Strain & Joseph, 2004). Consistency is very important when interacting with a child. One must stick to the rules once they’ve been made, and don’t allow the child to do something one day and then not let them do it the next. Don’t confuse a child with unimportant decisions, and remember that it’s often necessary to tell a child something more than one time. Speak clearly, and make sure that what you’ve said is understood. Above all, always maintain a positive attitude, because it’s a sure bet that they will be imitating you. Children look to adults, parents, and teachers for approval in order to confirm that the behaviors they are exhibiting are ones that are desired (Lawhon & Lawhon, 2000). By acknowledging the child’s behavior as appropriate we teach the child which behaviors are preferred over others (Bukatko & Daehler, 2001). As primitive as it may seem, most small children behave in a rather random manner repeating behaviors that get a desired or positive reaction. Some children, by chance or intuition, behave in an appropriate manner and some do not. If their ‘reinforcement’ is attention at all costs, then whatever attention given, even if directed toward a negative behavior, will increase the likelihood that behavior will be repeated (Sternberg, 1998). Young children are egocentric. Young children, especially under the age of four, have a very difficult time understanding how someone else feels (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). This doesn’t mean that kids are plain selfish but simply that their cognitive development is not sophisticated enough to understand their own emotions, much less someone else’s. They are unable to take the perspective of someone else and understand another’s feelings (Leong & Bodrova, 2003). As children get older they begin to learn what pleases others, but it is a gradual process that takes time (Swick, 2001). Positive reinforcement doesn’t suddenly work over night you need to grasp the child’s mind into thinking if â€Å"I do what I am told I will get a treat†. The first week or so may be a little unstable, you’ll find the child demanding treats or most of all once they have their treat they become disobedient. All you need to do is give a little understanding on the issue â€Å"if you’re nasty you won’t get any more treats†. Never give into your disciplined parenting, your child will kick, cry and scream waiting for you to give in so don’t show them any signs of cracking, the second you give in they are in control and the ladder is then twice as harder to climb to the top. People tend to wonder from time to time, if positive reinforcement is truly effective. There are four key elements to positive reinforcement that must be emphasized. 1. Reinforcement serves to increase a desired behavior, while the goal of punishment is to decrease an undesired behavior (Jackson & Panyan, 2002). It is important to acknowledge that adults have a keen understanding that an undesirable behavior has an opposing desirable one. 2. There is a phenomenon known as ‘‘extinction burst’’ (Ormrod, 1999). This is the rapid production of a behavior once the reinforcement is taken away. 3. It is important to identify positive reinforcers that are easily and quickly attainable. Giving stickers or candy is not always feasible or desirable. That is why positive attention itself is sometimes the best choice. 4. Ignoring unwanted behaviors is a key, but it is essential to stop dangerous or injurious behaviors immediately. To sum it all up, It is true that when a child is engaged in a creative activity, like drawing or painting, if you indicate, ‘‘I like the color blue you are using,’’ you will indeed get an entire page of the color blue. The important point is to understand why that would happen (Sigler, E., & Aamidor, S., 1990). This does not happen because the child sees value in his/ her own activities or because the child is dependent on an adult’s approval. In fact, this happens because what was said to the child pleased him/her and the child wants to be a part of the life and the activities that interest you. But when it comes to everyday behaviors in aversive situations that need to be modified it is better to positively reinforce. The simple rule is: whatever you attend to is what you get. If you reinforce good behavior (whatever is desirable in your eyes) by giving praise and other kinds of positive attention, children will deliver more good behavior.

The Integral Role Sentencing Plays in the Criminal Justice...

The Integral Role Sentencing Plays In the Criminal Justice Process There are four philosophies that are considered when it comes to the sentencing of a criminal. These philosophies are: Retribution- Retribution is a philosophy that a wrong doer who has freely chosen to violate society’s rules must be punished. Retribution relies on the principal of â€Å"just deserts†, this holds that the severity of the punishment hold to the severity of the crime. This philosophy is not the same as revenge because retribution is more concerned with the rules of society as a whole, rather than the individualism revenge has had on the victim or victims the offender. Most dictionaries give the meaning of retribution as â€Å"repayment†. Public speakers†¦show more content†¦The results of this study were not encouraging. Instead of a decrease in crime after doubling the incarceration population, like expected, there was no sign of decrease at all in the crime rate. In fact, some cities showed instant spikes of incarceration and some increase in criminal activity. Numbers and studies like these show that this philosophy of incapacitation leaves room for improvement. It could be more pro-active to approach a convicted felon’s sentencing with a pattern, such as, deterrence or rehabilitation. Rehabilitation- Rehabilitation is in the dictionary as the processing, usually in a quiet area, during which units recondition and become rested. Also, under correctional rehabilitation it says that this provides penal custody or probation or parole for convicted offenders. The Classical School of Criminology (Larrabee, A.K. [2006] Punishment vs. Rehabilitation) has proposed that punishment is used to create deterrence and the Positive School of Criminology uses rehabilitation to reduce recidivism. In my opinion, more studies show that rehabilitation has a more lasting impact on an individual with the help from the community. To stay fair and acknowledge that the Classical School of Criminology has a point toward the deterrence factor, rehabilitation can be used as a deterrent as well by showing the offender how to adapt to society by gaining academic or trade skills. Rehabilitation is based on a â€Å"change in direction† theory. RehabilitationShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System Of The United States Constitution1184 Words   |  5 Pagespower. These rights create the framework of the adversarial criminal justice system that relies heavily on the advocacy of each party and a relatively passive and impartial judge acting as a neutral arbi ter. The objective of this structure is to encourage the advocates to develop relevant facts, evidence, and legal interpretations that determine guilt or innocence. This is distinct from inquisitorial systems of justice where the court plays an active part in the fact-finding investigation, interviewingRead MoreCriminal Justice System and Process Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction According to Morrison (2008) crime is a salient fact which is an integral part of many adverse risks humans are susceptible to, today. On the other hand a crime which is a wrong doing can be classified as a felony or a misdemeanor; this is because it is against a public law. A felony can be defined as a serious crime that is punishable by at least a year’s jail-term whereas a misdemeanor is a crime whose punishment is either a fine or and up to a year in jail (Smith, 2008). Crimes areRead MoreCorrectional Facilities and Environments1166 Words   |  5 PagesProcesses of Correctional Environments: Correctional facilities play an integral role in the criminal justice system as many individuals who are convicted of offenses are normally placed on probation rather than being sent to prison. In other cases, convicted criminals who have served their jail terms are usually released on parole. In addition to meeting other requirements, criminals are required to stay out of trouble during parole and probation periods. In order to prevent offenders from committingRead MoreA Brief Note On Forensic Criminology And Criminal Forensic Psychology1351 Words   |  6 Pagessub-specialties in forensic psychology: criminal, juvenile, civil, investigative, correctional, and police forensic psychology. Professionals working under each of them have unique roles, educational qualifications, responsibilities, ethical challenges, and controversial issues to confront. Similarly, there are various studies and seminal cases that have shaped the sub-specialties in different ways. In most cases, they refl ect changes in the criminal justice system in terms of admissibility of expertRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The United States1092 Words   |  5 Pagesof criminals, alternative sentencing has been the top choice when dealing with adult violent offenders. Slowly Probation population has become larger almost the size of prison population. Probation officers have to deal with offenders, criminals under some type of supervisions like house arrests, electric monitoring and many more different things. In different States these enforcements will charge certain fines and fees for any extra services. Probation and Parole officers also play the role andRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System2050 Words   |  9 Pagesthe central purpose of the Criminal Justice system is to implement social control, prevent and identify crime and to prosecute those who breach the law. However, though the criminal justice system deals with all of these various components as a whole, the responsibility of each i s divided between a variety of authority. The court is an area of the justice system that a significant weight of responsibility is placed upon, as the court essentially plays a multifaceted role in determining the innocenceRead MoreEssay about Role of Magistrates Jury in England Wales1981 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will discuss the role of the magistrate and jury in the English and Welsh legal decision-making process. It will assess both the advantages and disadvantages of both mechanisms and give an opinion on the contribution they make in the process. The role of a lay magistrate is one that is at the core of the legal system in England amp; Wales. They help maintain the foundation of the criminal justice system and deal with approximately 98% of all criminal matters. The sheer volume of casesRead MoreThe Broad Adoption Of A Legislative Framework1936 Words   |  8 Pageslegislation; however there is the broad adoption of a legislative framework, focusing on a human rights perspective; inclusive of both minority and majority groups (Giannasi, 2008). EW’s legislative approach allows for the following: 1. Enhanced sentencing – courts are obligated to enhance sentences, if proven a crime was motivated by hostility based on race/religious grounds. 2. Incitement legislation – the criminalisation of acts where an offender insinuates hatred on the grounds of race or religionRead MoreAbolishing The Death Penalty : A Values Debate Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesAbolishing the Death Penalty: A Values Debate Is society better off without its most heinous criminals? Does the justice system have the right to determine who lives or who dies? For centuries, human civilizations have pondered similar questions regarding the philosophical ideologies surrounding capital punishment. The discordance within the United States creates deep divides between proponents and opponents of the death penalty; nonetheless, these schisms are inconsequential due to the continuedRead MoreThe Australian Criminal Justice System2881 Words   |  12 PagesThe Australian criminal justice system acknowledges the immaturity of young offenders compared with that of adult offenders, and thus impose system in which their crimes are dealt with. A criminal conviction relies upon a two-fold basis whereby the actus rea and mens rea must be proved, however young offenders are treated with a different level of responsibility as they have not reached adulthood. Referred to as juvenile justice, offenders under the age of 18 are recognised as requiring a greater